- Define "liberalism" in its nineteenth-century context.
- What was the "Concert of Europe" intended to accomplish? Why did it largely disintegrate in
the decade following 1815?
- How did European rivalries help to vindicate the United States' Monroe Doctrine? Why was
Britain willing to support such a statement?
- What did Tsar Nicholas I mean by "orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality"?
- Why did revolutions in Spain's colonies succeed while liberalism was being suppressed in
Spain?
- During a period of general reaction, why did English conservative politicians support some
reform measures? Why type of reform did they most stoutly oppose?
- In what ways and to what extent was the English Parliament changed by the 1832 Reform Bill?
Which class did the reforms benefit the most?
- What were the objectives of the European revolutions of 1830? Where did they succeed?
Why did the revolution fail in Poland?
- What group benefited most from the Revolution of 1830 in France? How did they benefit?
- How did English poor law reform reflect the beliefs and interests of the middle class?
- How do both the new poor law and the repeal of the Corn Law illustrate the nineteenth-
century philosophy of liberalism?
- What were the aims of the Chartist movement in England? How did its objectives differ from
those of the Trades Unions?
- Contrast mid-nineteenth-century England and France with regard to (a) the progress of social
and economic reform, and (b) the educational systems.
- Why did Louis Philippe's regime, originally supported by French liberals, succumb to
revolution?
- How did the French February Revolution (1848) differ from the Revolution of 1830?
Although the February Revolution succeeded in ending the monarchy, what problems did it pose
for the future?
- How did Louis Napoleon gain the support of various groups in his rise to power? By what
means did he maintain power after making himself emperor?
- How did the Reform Bill of 1867 modify the English electoral system?
- Who were the group referred to as labor "aristocrats" in Britain? What kinds of changes did
they advocate, and why?
- During the later years of the nineteenth century there was apparent solidarity between the
English middle class and working class in support of liberal programs. Why was this less the case
in France during the same period?
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