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How Humans Evolved, 6e
Chapters
AnthroTours
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
In This Chapter
Study Plan
Chapter Learning Objectives
Chapter Review
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic/Quiz+ Multiple-Choice Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
AnthroTours
Ebook
Chapter 9
From Tree Shrew to Ape
Chapter Study Outline
First True Mammals
At the end of the Triassic period, therapsids, which were reptiles with mammalian
traits, mostly disappeared.
One lineage of therapsids evolved and diversified, becoming mammals.
The Cenozoic era saw spectacular radiation of all the mammals, following extinction of the dinosaurs.
Geology and Climate
The earth's continents have moved significantly in the past 200 million years, from a large mass called Pangaea to the seven continents we recognize today.
Continental drift affects evolution by putting up barriers that isolate species and by effecting climate change.
The last 20 million years of climate change have dramatically altered the course of human evolution.
Dating Fossils
Deep sea cores.
Radiometric methods: K-Ar, Carbon-14, thermoluminescence, electron-spin-resonance, U-Pb
Relative dating methods: magnetic reversals, extinct and distinct species of animals
Early Primate Evolution
Plesiadapiforms
Dated to the Paleocene, these shrewlike creatures were quadrupeds with a good sense of smell.
Although they possess some primatelike traits, experts disagree as to whether or not plesiadapiforms should be considered part of the primate order.
Primate traits
Characteristic primate traits included binocular, stereoscopic vision, grasping hands and feet, and nails on the toes and fingers.
Matt Cartmill—visual predation hypothesis
Fred Szalay and Marian Dagosto—leaping locomotion hypothesis
Robert Sussman and Tab Rasmussen—foraging hypotheses
Eocene primates
Omomyids were nocturnal with large eyes.
Adapids were diurnal with smaller eyes.
It is uncertain whether the anthropoids developed from the omomyids or
the adapids.
Haplorrhines Anthropoids
Parapithecids
Propliopithecids
Oligopithecids
New versus Old World monkeys
Hominoids
Radiated in the Oligocene.
Emerged in the Miocene
Proconsulids were quadrupedal and frugivorous but lacked tails like modern apes.
About 157 mya, there emerged a number of hominoid species (such as
Dryopithecus
and
Sivapithecus
) throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa.
In the late Miocene, a dry climate contributed to the extinction of numerous hominoids. All that remain are orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and gibbons today.