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How did industrialization change the way that people in the modern period experience time?
People often take time for granted. What is time? You either have it or you don't. Time and one's sense of it is a product of where you are, where you live, your culture, and the ways in which your society is organized.
In the pre-industrial world, it was religion that determined the daily rhythms of life. The church bells called people to prayer and regulated the markets, etc. The ways in which the demands of religion were used to organize time really had profound impacts on all other aspects of life. For example, the Catholic Church for a long time prohibited usury, the habit of loaning money at-interest. At least in part the justification for this prohibition was that loaning money at-interest was a way of selling time, and time belonged only to god.
Eventually, of course, these prohibitions on usury were relaxed and people were allowed to loan money at-interest to long as the rates were not too high, but this close association between the church and time persisted for quite a while. A good example is the French Revolution. When the revolutionaries wanted to challenge the social power of the church, one of the things they went after was the church calendar. They dispensed with the old calendar and renamed the months, no longer making reference to the gods of antiquity-Juneau, Mars, etc. They renamed the months after the changing of the seasons. They had Floréal, a month of the flowers; Pluviôse, the month of the rain; Brumaire, the month of the fog. They got rid of the seven-day week, of Sunday as a sacred day, and created a ten-day week. This was an attempt to reorganize time in a new way.
However, the most fundamental changes in our sense of time came with capitalism itself. Industrialization creates a new sense of time that is partially related to the tremendous amount of money, the investments that these industrialists had to make in the new factories. If you invest this much money in a factory, you can't afford to let that machinery sit idle. You need to regulate the arrival and departure of the workers. You need to clock people in. You need to, while they're at work, supervise them and keep them under surveillance to make sure that they're using their time well. In short, time became a kind of discipline under industrialization.
This is reflected in the way that workers responded to this new discipline. Prior to industrialization, artisans in a workshop decided when they were going to pick up their tools and they decided when they were going to put them down. Under industrial circumstances in a factory, workers battle over time. A worker slow-down is a way that they might resist time discipline imposed upon them by their employers. And what is a strike, after all, but an attempt by workers to make time work for them?
Finally, of course, the modern world demands that time be standardized. This presented a huge practical problem. If you set your clocks by the sun, noon is when the sun is at its highest point during the day. But that means that noon in Toledo is different from noon in Cleveland, which is different from noon in New York, and so there was a tremendous pressure to standardize time in the 19th century, above all by the railroads. In the United States, for example, the creation of the time zones was not done by the state. It took pressure from the railroad companies themselves, who needed to impose a standardized sense of time on everybody in order for their business to operate.
So, if people complain today about wasting time or not having enough of it, it's partly because time has itself become a commodity, like all the others.