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Western Civilizations, 3rd Brief Edition: A W. W. Norton StudySpace
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In This Chapter
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Chapter 4
The Greek World Expands, 400-150 B.C.E.
Chapter Study Outline
Downfall of the Greek Polis
The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.)Spartan dominance
The Corinthian War (395-387 B.C.E.)
Failed response to Spartan dominance
Followed by pattern of Greek-on-Greek violence
The struggle for hegemony
Thebes and Sparta
Epaminondas and the battle of Leuctra (371 B.C.E.)
Development of "Theban Sacred Band"
Spartan defeat
Emergence of Athenian naval confederacy
Strife between democrats and oligarchs
Social and economic crises
Declining wealth
Towns devastated
Decline in the standard of living
Increased taxes and widespread unemployment
The problems of mercenary armies
The Cultural and Intellectual Response
Art and literature
Heightened sense of realism
Drama in decline compared to fifth century
The flight from social and political commentary
Art privately funded, control of message
Drama as diversion and escape
Focus on "safe" topics, avoid controversy
Slapstick topics
Menander (c. 342-292 B.C.E.)
Most famous of the age
Set precedents for literary forms that followed
Philosophy and political thought in the age of Plato and Aristotle
Plato (c. 429-349 B.C.E.)
Strove to vindicate Socrates
Introduced more structured framework
The Academy
Wrote a series of dialogues
Social harmony more important that individual liberty
Government by a superior group of "guardians"
Wrote The Republic
Idea of the Philosopher-King
Elements of benign tyranny
"Who will guard the guardians?"
Aristotle and Aristotelian thought
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)
Trained as a scientist
Trusted his senses and sense perception
Objective reality of material objects
Everything is purposeful and moves toward a perfected form (telos)
The highest good is the harmonious functioning of mind and body
The contemplative life
"Man is by nature a political animal"
The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander
The reign of Philip II (359-336 B.C.E.)
Stabilized his borders: warfare and diplomacy
Reorganized the army
The phalanx as fighting machine
Dynastic marriages
Expansion brought conflict with Athens
Demosthenes (c. 383-322 B.C.E.)
Saw Philip as an aggressor
Battle of Chaeronae (338 B.C.E.)
League of Corinth
Assassination of Philip
The conquests and reign of Alexander (336-323 B.C.E.)
Visionary, genius, or butcher?
Further expansion
Difficulty in modern Afghanistan
Queen Roxane
The new empire
New cities
Mass marriages
Breeding a new nobility
Installs no administrative apparatus
Death of Alexander
The Hellenistic Kingdoms
Ptolemaic Egypt
Most durable kingdom
Patronized science and the arts
Alexandria
Personal enrichment
Alexander as pharoah
Seleucid Asia
Near Eastern traditions
A Hellenized population
Planted new cities
Antigonid Macedon and Greece
Antigonus
Keeping Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Asia at war
Aetolian and Achaean Leagues
Model of federalism
From Polis to CosmopolisThe Growth of Trade and Urbanization
Long-distance trade
Spread east to Central Asia
Harbors improved
Encouragement of industry
Explosive population growth
Improved standard of living for some
Cities
Importation of Greek officials and soldiers
Alexandria
Wealth and poverty
Significant economic growth
Primarily agricultural economy
Manual laborers and artisans largely impoverished
All subject to "boom and bust" economic cycle
Hellenistic Worldviews
Stoicism
Founded by Zeno of Citium (324-270 B.C.E.)
Cosmos is ordered and rational
The individual is not the master of his own life 4. Submit to the universal order of things
Tranquility of mind
Duty and self-discipline
Duty of political participation
Epicureanism
Founded by Epicurus (c. 342-270 B.C.E.)
Democritus and atomism
There is no ultimate purpose of the universe
Highest good is pleasure
Serenity of the soul
No such thing as absolute justice
The wise man should abandon politics
Skepticism
Carneades (c. 213-129 B.C.E.)
All knowledge is limited and relative
Inability to prove anything
That which appears to be
Escape from incomprehensible world
Happinessabandon quest for truth
Religion
A vehicle for escape
Persistence of belief in gods who protected the polis
"Ordinary" Greeks and personal religion
Ecstatic mystical union with a deity
Cult of Dionysius
Egyptian cult of Isis
Zoroastrian dualism
Migration of gods to the Near East and Egypt
Combination of Greek and non-Greek cults
Greek influence on Jewish communities outside Palestine
The Septuagint
Scientific Revolution of Antiquity. Science and Medicine
Origins
Mesopotamian and Egyptian science
Hellenistic rulers patronized scientific research
Sole motive was prestige
Astronomy, mathematics, and geography
Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 B.C.E.)
Heliocentric worldview
Euclid (fl. fourth century B.C.E.)
Wrote first geometry text
Hipparchus (fl. 160-125 B.C.E.)
Foundations of trigonometry
Eratosthenes (c. 276-194 B.C.E.)
Calculated circumference of the earth
Developed a system of latitude and longitude
Physics
Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287-212 B.C.E.)
Discovered law of floating bodies
Medicine
Herophilus of Chalcedon (c. 335-c.280 B.C.E.)
Anatomistpracticed human dissection
Detailed description of the brain
Rejected notion of four humors
Architecture and Sculpture
Architecture drew on Greek models influenced by Egypt and Persia
The Lighthouse of Alexandria
The altar to Zeus at Pergamum
Sculpturemost influential of the arts
Focus on extreme naturalism
Extravagance
Dying Gaul
Winged Victory of Samothrace
Laocoön
Hellenistic Culture: Literature and Art
Pastoral literature
The pastorals of Theocritus (c. 310-250 B.C.E.)
Prose
Polybius (c. 205-123 B.C.E.)
Historical development proceeds in cycles
Conclusion
The Transformation of the Polis
From polis to cosmopolis
From Hellene to Hellenistic
The breakdown of traditional values
The Hellenistic Age as an age of transition between Greece and Rome