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Western Civilizations, 3rd Brief Edition: A W. W. Norton StudySpace
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In This Chapter
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Chapter 3
The Civilization Of Greece, 1000-400 B.C.E.
Chapter Study Outline
Introduction
The image of the ancient Greek world
Near Eastern influences
Western ideas/Western values
The Dark Age of Greece (1150-800 B.C.E.)
The Dark Age
Mycenaean decline
Dorian invasion
Depopulation
The Greeks and their gods
The idea of hubris
Homer and the heroic tradition
The importance of renewed trade
The aristoithe best men
The heroic ideal
The Iliad and the Odyssey
First "sung" as part of an oral tradition
Finally written down around 800 B.C.E.
Competition, status, and the warrior-elite
Hero cults
Foreign contacts and the rise of the polis
Phoenician influence
alphabet
seafaring
Rapid population growth
The polis (city-state)
The astythe urban community
The khorathe land
Synoikismosbringing together of dwellings
Archaic Greece (800-480 B.C.E.)
"Age of Experiment"a new dynamism
Colonization and Panhellenism
Expansion of the Greek world (Magna Graecia)new contacts and trade
A new awareness of common culture and outlookHellenes
Panhellenism
Oracle of Delphi
Games at Olympia (776 B.C.E.).
Dating events by "olympiads"
Hoplite warfare
Common foot soldiers supporting aristocratic warriors
Carried spears of short swords and the large round shield (hopla)
The phalanx
Formation of a "hoplite class"
Every polis needed a hoplite force
Ranks filled by farmers who could afford armor
Wanted a share in the political decisions of the polis
Aristocratic culture and the rise of tyranny
Pursued wealth and power as well as a distinctive culture
Officeholding and the symposium
Homosexuality
The aristocratic identity
A new eliteproblems
Violence between aristocratic groups
Tyrannossomeone who seized power and ruled outside traditional framework
The tyrant had to satisfy the hoplites
Important path from aristocracy to democracy
Lyric poetry
A ne w departure
Hesiod (c. 700 B.C.E.)
Theogony and Works and Days
Archilochus of Paros (c. 680-640 B.C.E.)
Sappho (c. 620-559 B.C.E.)
The new expression of feelings
The Archaic Polis in Action
Athens
Identity
Agricultural economy
Government
Landed aristocracy
Elected magistrates and the council of state
Nine archons held executive power (civil, military, judicial, and religious functions)
Areopagus Councilelected the archons
Political Change
Debt slavery
Political factions
The failed coup of Kylon (632 B.C.E.)
Drakon (621 B.C.E.)"setting the laws"
"draconian" punishments
Solon (c. 640-c. 559 B.C.E.)
Abolished debt slavery
Encouraged cash-crop farming and urban industries
Set up courts with citizen juries
Eligibility for political office based on property, not birth
The boule (steering committee)
The ekklesia (citizen assembly)
Peisistratos (c. 600-527 B.C.E.)
Established himself as tyrant (546 B.C.E.)
Public works projects
Strengthened the demos
Cleisthenes (c. 570-c. 508 B.C.E.)
Championed the cause of the demos (the people)
Reformed voting practices
Reorganized the population into ten tribes
Introduced ostracism
Sparta
The Peloponnesus
Five villages combined (synoikismos) to become Sparta
The conquest of Messenia
The helots (slaves)
The Spartiate (the "Equals") professional soldiers of the phalanx
A society organized for war
Early training of boys and girls
The apellathe citizen assembly of Spartiate males over thirty years old
The gerousiacouncil that proposed matters to the apella
The krypteiasecret police
Helots and Spartiate
Helots outnumbered Spartiate ten to one
The problem of revolts
Spartiate could not engage in trade or farm their own land (distractions)
Protectors of the "traditional constitutions" of Greece
Demographic flaws
Miletus
Commercial, cultural, and military power of Ionia (Asia Minor)
Strong Hellenic identity shaped by Near Eastern influence
Ionia and Lydiacross-cultural exchange
Ionians Hellenize interior of Asia Minor
Strong trading interests (Black Sea and Egypt)
Speculative thoughtthe "Milesian School"
Pre-Socratic thought
The cosmos, gods, and men
Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes
Theories of the cosmos and the problem of change
From religious belief to philosophical speculation
The Persian Wars
The Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.)
Causes and origins (the account of Herodotus)
Darius the Greatteaching Athens a lesson
Marathon and its aftermath
Athens is refused help from the Spartans
Athenian victory (without Spartan help)
Themistoclesbuilding the Greek navy
Xerxes' invasion
Punish the Atheniansoverland invasion
The Hellenic League (Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and other poleis)
Greek defeat at Thermopylae (480 B.C.E.)
Athens abandoned and burned by the Persians
Battle of Plataea and the end of the war
The Golden Age of Classical Greece
The Delian League
Periclean Athens
The strategosgeneral
Anti-Spartan foreign policy
Pushed reforms to make Athens more democratic
Ostracism of Cimon
Shifted power away from the Areopagus
Public buildingpublic confidence
Literature and drama
Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.E.)
Sophocles (496-406 B.C.E.)
Euripides (485-406 B.C.E.)
Aristophanes (c. 448-382 B.C.E.)
Herodotus (c. 485-425 B.C.E.)
Thucydides (c. 460-c. 400 B.C.E.)
Art and architecture
Idealized beauty
The dignity of the unadorned human form
The Parthenon
Women and men in the daily life of Athens
Inequality of the sexes
A male world
Women in the shadows
Rearing of children to supply the infantry
A private space
Marriage
"Women's work"
Slavery
Athenian slavery widespread but small in scale
Most families owned at least one or two slaves
League Building and the Peloponnesian War
Athenian control of the Delian League
Animosities and jealousieshad Athens become a tyranny?
The Peloponnesian War erupts
Athens and Sparta
A quick war?a war of attrition
Pericles' naval strategy
Athenian plague
Alcibiades
Spartan victory
The end of the war
Lysander destroys the Athenian fleet (404 B.C.E.)
The Thirty Tyrants
Spartan success?
War brought demoralization and a questioning of former certainties
The Pythagoreans and the Sophists
Pythagorasmathematics and musical theory
The Sophists"those who are wise"
Protagoras"man is the measure of all things"
Socrates
Questioning received truth examine everything
Socrates was wise because he knew nothing
He examined ethics rather than the physical world
The "philosopher of the marketplace"
The life and thought of Socrates
Conclusion
Image versus reality
Freedom, competition, individual achievement, and human glory
Primacy of the human intellect
The Greeks and humanity
Paideia