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America: A Narrative History, Brief 9e
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Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
Intro
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3
4
Intro
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6
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8
Intro
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10
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13
Intro
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Intro
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Intro
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Intro
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34
Chapter 1: The Collision of Cultures
Chapter 2: Britain and Its Colonies
Chapter 3: Colonial Ways of Life
Chapter 4: From Colonies to States
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Chapter 5: The American Revolution
Chapter 6: Shaping a Federal Union
Chapter 7: The Federalist Era
Chapter 8: The Early Republic
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Chapter 9: The Dynamics of Growth
Chapter 10: Nationalism and Sectionalism
Chapter 11: The Jacksonian Era
Chapter 12: The Old South
Chapter 13: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform
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Chapter 14: An Empire in the West
Chapter 15: The Gathering Storm
Chapter 16: The War of the Union
Chapter 17: Reconstruction: North and South
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Chapter 18: Big Business and Organized Labor
Chapter 19: The South and the West Transformed
Chapter 20: The Emergence of Urban America
Chapter 21: Gilded Age Politics and Agrarian Reform
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Chapter 22: Seizing an American Empire
Chapter 23: "Making the World Over": The Progressive Era
Chapter 24: America and the Great War
Chapter 25: An "Epoch of Confusion": the 1920s
Chapter 26: Republican Resurgence and Decline
Chapter 27: The New Deal America
Chapter 28: The Second World War
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Chapter 29: The Fair Deal and Containment
Chapter 30: The 1950s: Affluence and the Atomic Age
Chapter 31: New Frontiers: Political and Social Change in the 1960s
Chapter 32: Rebellion and Reaction: the 1960s and 1970s
Chapter 33: A Conservative Realignment: 1977-1990
Chapter 34: America in a New Millenium
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In This Chapter
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Chapter 31
New Frontiers: Political and Social Change in the 1960s
Chapter Study Outline
I. Kennedy’s rise
A. The election of 1960
1. Backgrounds of the candidates
2. The campaign
a. Kennedy’s Catholicism not a problem
b. Televised debates favor Kennedy
c. The civil rights issue
3. Results
B. Kennedy’s administration
1. Cabinet appointments emphasize youth
2. The “Kennedy style“ displayed at the inauguration
II. The Kennedy record
A. Congress Democratic but conservative
B. Legislative successes
1. The Peace Corps and the Alliance for Progress
2. Trade Expansion Act
3. Domestic social legislation
C. The Warren Court on civil liberties
D. Civil rights under Kennedy
1. Kennedy at first hesitant to act
2. Greensboro sit-ins
a. Based on King’s “militant nonviolence“ philosophy
b. Creation of SNCC
3. Freedom riders
4. Integration of the University of Mississippi
5. King’s Letter from Birmingham City Jail
6. Kennedy endorses civil rights
7. Wallace’s defiant gesture
8. March on Washington
a. High point of movement
b. King’s “I Have a Dream“ speech
9. Modest progress in cities such as Atlanta
III. Foreign frontiers
A. Bay of Pigs disaster
1. 1,500 anti-Castro Cubans prepared by CIA
2. Failure of invasion
B. Berlin Wall
1. Khrushchev threatens to limit access to Berlin
2. Kennedy calls up Reserve and Guard units
3. Soviets construct Berlin Wall
C. Cuban missile crisis
1. Discovery of missiles in Cuba
2. Kennedy imposes naval quarantine
3. Khrushchev blinks
4. Aftereffects
a. Lowered tensions
b. Sale of wheat
c. Washington-Moscow “hot line“
d. Removal of obsolete missiles
e. Nuclear test ban treaty
D. Vietnam
1. Neutrality for Laos
2. Premier Ngo Dinh Diem
a. Lack of economic and social reform
b. Opposition to Diem
c. Overthrow of Diem and later military regimes
IV. The end of Kennedy’s administration
A. Assassination in Dallas
B. Lee Harvey Oswald
C. Jack Ruby
D. Chief Justice Earl Warren
V. Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
A. Johnson’s background and style
B. Passing Kennedy’s legislative program
1. A major tax cut
2. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
C. Declaring war on poverty
1. Michael Harrington’s
The Other America
2. An economic-opportunity bill
3. The Great Society
D. The election of 1964
1. Republicans
a. Sought “a choice, not an echo“
b. Nominated Barry Goldwater
c. Goldwater’s weaknesses
2. Johnson’s appeal for consensus
3. Landslide victory for Johnson
E. Landmark legislation
1. Medicare
2. Federal aid to education
3. Appalachian Regional Development Act
4. Housing and Urban Development Act
5. Immigration and Nationality Services Act
F. Assessing the Great Society
VI. From civil rights to black power
A. Voting Rights Act of 1965
B. Rise of the black power movement
1. Riots in 1965 and 1966
2. Condition of urban blacks
3. Philosophy of the black power movement
4. Malcolm X and other leaders
5. Positive effects of the black power movement
a. Helped African Americans take pride in their racial heritage
b. Forced King and others to focus attention on plight of inner-city blacks
VII. The tragedy of Vietnam
A. Efforts to avoid defeat
1. Escalation
2. The cost of the war
B. The Tonkin Gulf resolution
1. Response to attack on American destroyers
2. Johnson interprets as congressional approval for war
C. Escalation in 1965
1. Attack at Pleiku
2. Operation Rolling Thunder
3. Combat troops to Vietnam
D. The context for policy
1. Consistent with containment
2. Goal of American involvement
3. Erosion of support
E. The turning point
1. The Tet offensive
2. Further erosion of support
3. Presidential primaries become referendums on Johnson’s Vietnam policy
4. Johnson announces that he will not seek another term
VIII. Sixties crescendo
A. Tragedies of 1968
1. Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
2. Assassination of Robert Kennedy
B. The election of 1968
1. Democrats
a. Nominate Hubert Humphrey
b. The disastrous Chicago convention
2. Republicans
a. Nominate Richard Nixon
b. Represent stability and order
3. George Wallace
a. Candidate of the American Independent party
b. Appeal to social conservatives
4. Narrow victory for Nixon