Chapter Study Outline

  • I. Paleo-Indian civilizations
    • A. Possible origins of the American Indian
      • 1. Siberia
        • a. Bering Land Bridge
      • 2. Southwestern Europe
    • B. Basic stages of development in Middle America
      • 1. Early stages
      • 2. Permanent towns emerged about 2000 bc in Mexico
      • 3. Farming of classical Middle American culture (Mayans) from ad 300 to 900
      • 4. Aztecs followed and developed the culture that was present when the Spanish arrived
      • 5. South American cultures: Chibchas and Incas
    • C. Indians in the present United States reached three minor cultural climaxes
      • 1. Indians of the Pacific Northwest stretched from Alaska to California
      • 2. Adena-Hopewell peoples of the Ohio Valley (800 bc–ad 600) had great earthworks
      • 3. Mississippian culture of the Mississippi Valley (ad 600–1500) climaxed about the time of the European discovery and influenced many tribes
        • a. Cahokia was dominant cultural center (AD 1050–1250)
          • (1) Pueblo-Hohokam-Anasazi cultures of the Southwest (400 bc–present) had looser class structure
    • D. Native Americans in 1500
      • 1. Shared attributes and assumptions
      • 2. Eastern Woodlands peoples
        • a. Algonquian
        • b. Iroquoian
        • c. Muskogean
      • 3. Plains nomads
        • a. Blackfoot
        • b. Cheyenne
        • c. Arapaho
      • 4. Pacific coast tribes
        • a. Tillamook
        • b. Chinook
        • c. Pomo
        • d. Chumash
      • 5. Trauma and resilience when Europeans arrive
  • II. Viking arrival
    • A. Greenland settlement
      • 1. Erik the Red
    • B. Brief settlement of Newfoundland
      • 1. Leif Eriksson
  • III. Expansion of Europe
    • A. The Renaissance brought an intense interest in knowledge of the world
      • 1. Knowledge that the earth was round
      • 2. Improved navigational aids
      • 3. Development of urban commerce and global trade
        • a. Merchant class
        • b. Corporations that shared risk
      • 4. Barriers to trade with the Orient
      • 5. Rise of centralized nation-states
  • IV. Christopher Columbus and the discovery of America
    • A. Explorations of the Portuguese
      • 1. Bartholomeu Dias
      • 2. Vasco de Gama
    • B. Columbus’ early life and efforts to gain support for a voyage west
    • C. First voyage
      • 1. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
    • D. Later voyages
    • E. America named for Amerigo Vespucci
  • V. The great biological exchange
    • A. Animals
    • B. Plants
    • C. Worldwide population boom
    • D. Native American devices and place names adopted
    • E. Diseases unleashed
  • VI. Other early professional explorers
    • A. John Cabot
    • B. Ferdinand Magellan
  • VII. Spanish conquest and settlement of the new lands
    • A. Initial Caribbean settlements
    • B. Motives of the Spaniards
    • C. European advantages
      • 1. Division and disease among Indians
      • 2. Superior Spanish weapons
      • 3. Animals for food and battle
    • D. Hernán Cortés and conquest of the Aztecs
      • 1. Aztec culture
      • 2. Aztec religion
    • E. Patterns of Spanish conquest
      • 1. Encomienda system
      • 2. Introduction of African slavery
      • 3. Catholic missionary efforts
    • F. Development of New Spain
      • 1. Governance by the Council of the Indies
      • 2. Advantages over European rivals
      • 3. Lasting imprint of Spanish culture
      • 4. Interchanges with the native culture
    • G. Spanish exploration of North America
      • 1. Ponce de León
      • 2. Narváez and Cabeza de Vaca
      • 3. Hernando de Soto
      • 4. Francisco Coronado
    • H. Early Spanish settlements
      • 1. Nature of Spanish settlements
      • 2. St. Augustine, first European town in United States
      • 3. The Spanish Southwest
        • a. Importance of Catholic missions
        • b. Oñate’s founding of New Mexico
        • c. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680
        • d. Spain regained control of New Mexico
      • 4. Horses and the Great Plains
  • VIII. Impact of Protestant Reformation in Europe
    • A. Early causes and spread of the movement
    • B. Martin Luther
    • C. Impact of John Calvin
    • D. Reformation in England
      • 1. An initial political revolt
      • 2. Periods of conflict
      • 3. Elizabethan settlement
  • IX. Challenge to the Spanish Empire
    • A. French efforts
      • 1. Giovanni de Verrazano explored coast in 1524
      • 2. Jacques Cartier led three voyages
    • B. Dutch opposition to Spain
      • 1. Rebellion of the Netherlands against Spanish rule, 1567–1648
    • C. British effort
      • 1. Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588
      • 2. Promotion of British colonization
      • 3. Sir Humphrey Gilbert lost at sea
      • 4. Sir Walter Raleigh and the Roanoke “lost colonists“