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Session 1: How is acid rain formed?

Exploration 1A: How is acid rain formed?
Combustion

Emissions and Deposition

Exploration 1B: How do power plants and automobile emissions affect lakes and cities?
Experimental Design

Exploration 1C: What are the problems caused by acid rain?
Literature Research

Making the Link: What happens to the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed by combustion?

External Links (National Environment Ministries and Agencies)

Session 2: What is an acid?

Exploration 2A: What household products behave like acid rain?
Chemical Classification

Exploration 2B: How do we identify acids from a chemical formula?
Strong and weak acids and bases

Exploration 2C: What is pH?
pH

Making the Link: What is an acid?

Session 3: What is the pH of normal rain?

Exploration 3A: How do systems respond to stress?
Equilibria and Le Châtelier's Principle

Exploration 3B: What is the pH of normal rain?
Equilibrium Calculations

pH of rain in the United States

Exploration 3C: Is there a faster way to calculate pH?
Logarithmic Concentration Diagrams

Exploration 3D: How can we solve simultaneous equations without approximations?
Mathcad equation solving

Making the Link: How do you predict the pH of a weak acid?

Session 4: How does acid rain interact with soil?

Exploration 4A: How does acid rain interact with soil?
Ion exchange of acidic and basic cations

Tetrahedral and Octahedral Coordination
Layered Mineral Structures (Octahedral and tetrahedral sheets)

Building the Phyllosilicates
http://pubpages.unh.edu/~harter/crystal.htm
Mineral Web (requires Chime plug-in)
http://www.minweb.co.uk/
Virtual Museum of Minerals and Molecules (requires Chime plug-in)
See the phyllosilicates and tectosilicates in the Silicate Gallery
See Soil Organic Matter for a model with humic acid, soil protein, and soil saccharides
http://www.soils.wisc.edu/virtual_museum or http://www.soils.umn.edu/virtual_museum/

Exploration 4B: How does ion exchange work?
Ion exchange column

Exploration 4C: How does ion-exchange protect soils from acid rain?
Buffers

Some Indicator Colors

Exploration 4D: What happens when the buffer runs out?
Acid base titrations

Titration Curves

Exploration 4E: Polyprotic Acids and Bases
Mathcad graphs based on alpha-fractions

Making the Link: Has this area been affected by acid rain?

Session 5: Is this soil nutritious or toxic?

Exploration 5A: Are all soils the same?
CEC and Base Saturation

World Reference Base for Soil Resources
ftp://ftp.fao.org/AGL/agll/wrb/wrbdom.gif (World map)
http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/mapindex.stm (Definitions)
http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/prosoil/acid.htm (Acid soils)
Global Assessment of Terrestrial Ecosystem Sensitivity to Acidic Deposition
http://www.sei.se/dload/seiy/globalassess.pdf (Appendix I has CEC and Base Saturation values for soil types)
http://www.sei.se/rapidc/pdfs/Acidification.PDF (World map)

Exploration 5B: Will aluminum be mobilized?
Aluminum toxicity

Exploration 5C: What is my soil's cation exchange capacity?
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Exploration 5D: What is my soil's base saturation?
EDTA Titrations

Exploration 5E: Metals and Ligands
Mathcad graphs based on delta-fractions

EDTA Titrations

Making the Link: Is this soil nutritious or toxic?

Session 6: What are the critical problems in your region?

Emissions and Deposition
External Links (National Environment Ministries and Agencies)

Appendices

Equilibrium Constants
Collecting Soil Samples
Mathcad Corrections for Ionic Strength